Learning Something New
Meno's paradox:
"Novel knowledge cannot be derived completely from old knowledge, or it would not be new. Yet the transcending part of it cannot be completely new either, for then it could never be understood."

Samuel and learning draughts
The problem of learning something new without a prior representation goes back to the Greeks. Meno's paradox states that:
"Novel knowledge cannot be derived completely from old knowledge, or it would not be new. Yet the transcending part of it cannot be completely new either, for then it could never be understood."
The problem was more recently studied by Arthur Samuel in his work on getting a program to learn to play the game of draughts.